石灰岩和砂岩地区豆科类植物紫花光叶苕(Vicia villosa)中铁和锰的不同分配模式

豆科类植物生物量的减少主要与氮和磷之间的平衡受到影响而有紧密的相关性。然而,其他营养元素之间的不平衡也能响应生物量的减少,比如铁和锰营养元素。选择了贵州茂兰相邻的石灰岩和砂岩地区土壤进行了野外种植实验。实验结果表明:生长着的豆科类植物铁(Fe)和锰(Mn)出现互为相反的分配模式:在砂岩地区生长的豆科类植物根部对铁的吸收相对高于石灰岩地区;而对锰的吸收,石灰岩地区高于砂岩地区。因此,植物根部的Fe∶Mn,砂岩地区高于石灰岩地区。这个结果说明豆科类植物根部对Fe和Mn的吸收存在不同模式。然而,在叶片中的Fe∶Mn砂岩地区和石灰岩地区之间基本没有区别,这说明铁和锰从根部到叶片的迁移具有不同模式。当叶片的Fe∶Mn(质量之比)低于2.9时,有可能响应豆科类植物生物量的减少。我们在研究植物与土壤的营养元素含量之间相关性时,越过环境因素,必须考虑植物内部随生长过程而发生变化的营养元素的化学计量,比如,生长着的植物中Fe∶Mn比值的变化等。     

Comparison of four supports for adsorption of reactive dyes by immobilized Aspergillus fumigatus beads

Four materials, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC), sodium alginate (SA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and chitosan (CTS), were prepared as supports for entrapping fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The adsorption of synthetic dyes. Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R, and Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP, by these immobilized gel beads and plain gel beads was evaluated. The adsorption efficiencies of Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP and Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R by CTS immobilized beads were 89.1% and 93.5% in 12 h, respectively. The adsorption efficiency by Na-CMC immobilized beads was slightly lower than that of mycelial pellets. But the dye culture mediums were almost completely decolorized in 48 h using the above-mentioned two immobilized beads (exceeding 95%). The adsorption efficiency by SA immobilized beads exceeded 92% in 48 h. PVA-SA immobilized beads showed the lowest adsorption efficiency, which was 79.8% for Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP and 92.5% for Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R in 48 h. Comparing the adsorption efficiency by plain gel beads, Na-CMC plain gel beads ranked next to CTS ones. SA and PVA-SA plain gel beads hardly had the ability of adsorbing dyes. Subsequently, the growth of mycelia in Na-CMC and SA immobilized beads were evaluated. The biomass increased continuously in 72 h. The adsorption capacity of Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP and Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R by Na-CMC immobilized beads was 78.0 and 86.7 mg/g, respectively. The SEM micrographs show that the surface structure of Na-CMC immobilized bead is loose and finely porous, which facilitates diffusion of the dyes.     

外加磷源对陶粒滤池生物膜特性的影响研究

以我国北方某磷含量较低的水库水源水作为生物陶粒滤池预处理原水,在其中添加微量的磷源,考察磷源对陶粒滤池生物膜的影响．试验中安装了两套相同的陶粒滤池,以便进行比较研究．原水直接进入陶粒滤池A(BF-A),原水中添加25μg/L的PO4^3--P(H3PO4)后进入陶粒滤池B(BF-B)．结果表明,对于本试验所用原水,添加磷源后,生物陶粒滤池内的生物膜发生明显的变化．BF-B中陶粒生物膜的细菌数量高出BF-A17％～27％,脂磷含量高出BF-A13％-22％,微生物耗氧速率高出BF-A35％-45％,BF-B对原水中有机物的去除效率优于BF-A。     

铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻和谷皮菱形藻在低光照度下的生长研究

实验研究了铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻和谷皮菱形藻在75～1 200lx光照度下的生长情况.实验结果表明光照度为600lx以下时,3种藻都受到了光的抑制作用,生长缓慢;光照度为600～1 200lx时,3种藻的生物量随光照度的增加均有不同程度的增加,其中增加最显著的是谷皮菱形藻,其次才是铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻.     

Effect of acetate on lead toxicity to microbial biomass in a red soil

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石灰石高温煤气脱硫的试验研究

采用天然石灰石做脱硫剂，在固定床上进行硫化氢高温脱除的试验研究，考察了脱硫剂粒径、反应温度、气速及高温煤气中H2对石灰石脱硫性能的影响，同时还用热重分析(TG)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)等测试手段对脱硫剂的物相组成和结构等进行了表征。结果表明，脱硫剂的粒径对脱硫效果的影响很大，0.38～0.83 mm的石灰石脱硫效果最佳；温度对脱硫效果的影响比较复杂，最佳的操作温度为850℃；气速对脱硫效果的影响较明显，脱硫剂的穿透时间随气速的减小而加长；H₂对脱硫过程起阻碍作用，气速越小，这种阻碍作用越明显。     

污染负荷及植被生物量变化对缓冲带污染物净化效果的影响

模拟上海地区农业面源污染和降雨特征，进行缓冲带污染物净化效果和植被生物量监测试验研究。结果表明：植被缓冲带对径流污染物质的净化效果明显高于空白对照，百慕大缓冲带SS截留率最高，达到74％；白花三叶草对TN、TP的净化效果最好，去除率分别为28％和25％；百慕大和白花三叶草生物量最大，栽种当年9月份，两者地上部分的生物量鲜重分别达到了6.14和6.49 kg/m²，百慕大生长速度最快，当年9月份生物量几乎达到5月份的6倍；植被生物量增长明显提高了缓冲带截留径流污染物的效果，缓冲带SS截留率与生物量成显著线性相关，而污染负荷变化对缓冲带污染物净化效果的影响很小，明显弱于植被种类和生物量的变化。     

农户对生物质能源产业参与意愿实证分析——以湖北省为例

生物质能源一直是人类赖以生存的重要能源，它是仅次于煤炭、石油和天然气而居于世界能源消费总量第四位的能源，在整个能源系统中占有重要地位。生物质能源产业的发展不仅仅需要产品生产企业、政府相关机构的参与，微观个体农户同样扮演着至关重要的角色。农户对生物质能源产业的态度和行为，会对政府和生产者的行为选择产生深刻影响。以湖北农户对生物质能源产业的参与意愿的调查为例，运用因子分析法，对农户对生物质能源产业参与意愿和参与行为的影响因素进行分析。分析结果表明：预期收益、年均纯收入、环保意识、文化程度、配套设备生产情况、产品技术成熟度、相关政策支持、商品能源使用率、当地生物质资源量9个因素会影响农户参与意愿。提出了相应的建议：一是提高农户对生物质能源的预期收益和农户收入水平；二是从根本上提高农户综合素质，增强环境保护意识；三是完善生物质能源产业技术、政策支撑体系，合理开发利用生物质资源     

TRIZ进化理论在粉碎机创新安全设计中的应用

为了准确评价林木生物质粉碎机现有产品的技术水平,预测其研发方向以适应规模化生产的需要,将TRIZ进化理论应用于林木生物质粉碎机创新安全设计中,通过TRIZ理论的S曲线分析明确当前产品的技术水平处于初始期,应加大研发力度,提高系统的有用功能,降低成本和有害功能;改进产品可能的结构状态,在此基础上,提出新产品概念方案。在新产品的开发中,应用TRIZ进化理论有助于企业准确定位现有产品的技术成熟度,预测产品未来的发展趋势,作出科学的研发决策,减少研发周期,提高创新能力。     

Comprehensive quality assessment of municipal organic waste composts produced by different preparation methods

In the first part of this work, the effect of municipal organic waste (MOW) composts on plant growth was evaluated in a greenhouse trial. The treatments included soil amended with 14 different composts (prepared by shredding, adding wood shavings, cocomposting with biosolids or vermicomposting), an inorganically fertilized soil, and a control soil. All of the treatments significantly increased plant growth compared to the control, and yields of three of the amended treatments were as high as that of the inorganic fertilizer treatment. When comparing differently prepared composts to the conventional compost, it was found that cocomposting MOW with biosolids was the method which most positively influenced yields (26-41% yield increases). In the second part of this work, we evaluated the effects of the different preparation methods on compost quality, using a multivariate approach. Three main quality aspects were considered collectively in a principal component analysis: organic matter and nutrient concentrations, degradability and capacity to mineralize these nutrients, and plant growth. The model was restricted to the first and second components (PC1 and PC1) which accounted for 94% of data variance. On the resulting factorial plane, four groups were distinguished. Each of the groups was compared to the reference compost to determine quality increases or decreases. Based on this analysis, it was found that cocomposting MOW with biosolids produced the highest quality products (higher total nutrient and OM concentration, nutrient mineralization potential, and plant growth). Addition of wood shavings increased OM concentration, but reduced quality in terms of the other aspects studied. Shredding was only effective to increase product quality when it was not combined with other methods, whereas vermicomposting only increased quality when MOW was not mixed with biosolids.